@article{oai:nagasaki-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001025,
 author = {Raya, Ganendra Bhakta and Dhoubhadel, Bhim Gopal and Shrestha, Dhruba and Raya, Sunayana and Laghu, Ujjwal and Shah, Ashok and Raya, Bijendra Bhakta and Kafle, Rita and Parry, Christopher M. and Ariyoshi, Koya},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {Tropical Medicine and Health},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing uropathogens has 
]complicated the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). Paediatric UTI is a common illness, which if not treated properly,
 may lead to acute and long-term complications, such as renal abscess, septicaemia, and renal scarring. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MDR and ESBL-producing uropathogens among children. Methods: During the study period (April 2017-April 2018), midstream urine samples were collected following aseptic procedures from children < 16 years in Siddhi Memorial Hospital. Standard culture and biochemical tests were performed to identify uropathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. ESBL-producing uropathogens were screened by ceftazidime (30 μg) and cefotaxime (30 μg) discs, and confirmed by the combination disc tests: ceftazidime + clavulanic acid (30/10 μg) or cefotaxime + clavulanic acid (30/10 μg) as recommended by CLSI. Results: We processed 5545 non-repeated urine samples from the children with symptoms of UTI. A significant growth of uropathogens was observed in 203 samples (3.7%). The median age of the children was 24 months (interquartile range (IQR), 12-53 months). Escherichia coli
 (n = 158, 77.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 30, 14.8%) were common among the uropathogens. Among them, 80.3% were resistant to amoxycillin and 51.2% were resistant to cotrimoxazole. Most of them were susceptible to amikacin,nitrofurantoin, 
and ofloxacin. MDR was detected in 34.5% (n = 70/203) and ESBL producers in 24.6% (n = 50/203) of them. The proportion of 
MDR isolates was higher in children < 5 years (n = 59/153, 38.6%) than children ? 5 years (n = 11/50, 22%) (P = 0.03). Conclusions:Nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, and amikacin can be used for the empirical treatment for UTI in children in Bhaktapur, Nepal.MDR and ESBL-producing uropathogens are prevalent; this warrants a continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance., Tropical Medicine and Health, 48(1), art.no.65; 2020},
 title = {Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing uropathogens in children in Bhaktapur, Nepal},
 volume = {48},
 year = {2020}
}