@article{oai:nagasaki-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00020672,
 author = {Lmanaka, Kuniyasu and Funase, Kozo},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {長崎大学教養部紀要. 自然科学篇},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {We reviewed the literature on the peripheral sources of kinesthetic information and some relevant sensorimotor functions in the central nervous system. Human movement is thought to be controlled by a hybrid control system consisting of closed-loop and openloop control mechanisms, in reference to kinesthetic information available from various sensory receptors. Kinesthetic information about limb position and movement is believed to be available primarily from muscle and tendon receptors, with cutaneous and joint receptors supplementarily subserving to sense limb position and movement. On receiving kinesthetic signals available from sensory receptors, spinal segmental mechanisms are responsible for either facilitating or inhibiting the activity of the motoneurones of agonist and antagonist muscles used in limb movements. These facilitatory and inhibitory actions in the spinal segmental systems can be examined by measuring the H-reflex (Hoffmann, 1918), with several careful considerations being needed when using the H-reflex technique. Sensory information is sent to the central nervous system via spinal ascending pathways, and is processed in cortical and subcortical sensorimotor systems. The cortical and subcortical systems make movement plans and prepare motor commands to be sent to the spinal segmental systems. The cortical motor system is believed to send a copy of the motor commands (efference copy), in advance of the planned movement to be actually executed, to cortical sensory areas as well. This efference copy sent to the sensory areas is thought to subserve to effectively evaluate the kinesthetic information available, via spinal pathways, from the execution of the movement. Various human movements, such as limb joint movements, are thus executed with various sensorimotor neural network systems being activated. To further understand the mechanisms underlying human movement we should fully take into account the various neural levels of sensorimotor functions in relation to the specific neural and behavioural conditions of the movement to be examined., 長崎大学教養部紀要. 自然科学篇. 1992, 32(2), p.235-262},
 pages = {235--262},
 title = {Kinesthetic Information and Sensorimotor Functions for the Control of Limb Movement},
 volume = {32},
 year = {1992}
}