@article{oai:nagasaki-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00027860,
 author = {Jain, Nityanand and Hung, I-Chun and Kimura, Hitomi and Goh, Yi Lin and Jau, William and Huynh, Khoa Le Anh and Panag, Deepkanwar Singh and Tiwari, Ranjit and Prasad, Sakshi and Manirambona, Emery and Vasanthakumaran, Tamilarasy and Amanda, Tan Weiling and Lin, Ho-Wei and Vig, Nikhil and An, Nguyen Thanh and Uwiringiyimana, Emmanuel and Popkova, Darja and Lin, Ting-Han and Nguyen, Minh Anh and Jain, Shivani and Umar, Tungki Pratama and Suleman, Mohamed Hoosen and Efendi, Elnur and Kuo, Chuan-Ying and Bansal, Sikander Pal Singh and Kauškale, Sofja and Peng, Hui-Hui and Bains, Mohit and Rozevska, Marija and Tran, Thang Huu and Tsai, Meng-Shan and Pahulpreet and Jiraboonsri, Suvinai and Tai, Ruo-Zhu and Khan, Zeeshan Ali and Huy, Dang Thanh and Kositbovornchai, Supitsara and Chiu, Ching-Wen and Nguyen, Thi Hien Hau and Chen, Hsueh-Yen and Khongyot, Thanawat and Chen, Kai-Yang and Quyen, Dinh Thi Kim and Lam, Jennifer and Dila, Kadek Agus Surya and Cu, Ngan Thanh and Thi, My Tam Huynh and Dung, Le Anh and Thi, Kim Oanh Nguyen and Thi, Hoai An Nguyen and Trieu, My Duc Thao and Thi, Yen Cao and Pham, Thien Trang and Ariyoshi, Koya and Smith, Chris and Huy, Nguyen Tien},
 journal = {The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {Background: Tackling the spread of COVID-19 remains a crucial part of ending the pandemic. Its highly contagious nature and constant evolution coupled with a relative lack of immunity make the virus difficult to control. For this, various strategies have been proposed and adopted including limiting contact, social isolation, vaccination, contact tracing, etc. However, given the heterogeneity in the enforcement of these strategies and constant fluctuations in the strictness levels of these strategies, it becomes challenging to assess the true impact of these strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19.
Methods: In the present study, we evaluated various transmission control measures that were imposed in 10 global urban cities and provinces in 2021 Bangkok, Gauteng, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, London, Manila City, New Delhi, New York City, Singapore, and Tokyo.
Findings: Based on our analysis, we herein propose the population-level Swiss cheese model for the failures and pit-falls in various strategies that each of these cities and provinces had. Furthermore, whilst all the evaluated cities and provinces took a different personalized approach to managing the pandemic, what remained common was dynamic enforcement and monitoring of breaches of each barrier of protection. The measures taken to reinforce the barriers were adjusted continuously based on the evolving epidemiological situation.
Interpretation: How an individual city or province handled the pandemic profoundly affected and determined how the entire country handled the pandemic since the chain of transmission needs to be broken at the very grassroot level to achieve nationwide control., The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, 4, art. no. 100031; 2022},
 title = {The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021},
 volume = {4},
 year = {2022}
}