@phdthesis{oai:nagasaki-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000292,
 author = {德永, 瑛子},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {Background: The evaluation of a child tends to differ between the mother and father regardless of whether the child has a disability or not, although parents have key information about the behavioral characteristics of the child. The number of reports in Japan, however, is limited. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between the parenting stress experienced by parents of non-clinical preschool children and the children's behavioral characteristics. 
Method: The subjects were 83 pairs of mothers and fathers with non-clinical children in kindergarten and nursery school (average age, 59.1 ± 13.0 months; 36 boys, 47 girls). The study was conducted using the Parenting Stress Index?Short Form (PSI-SF) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: 
There was no difference in the PSI-SF scores between mothers and fathers, but hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and the total score of the SDQ were significantly higher in fathers. On multiple regression analysis, parenting stress experienced by fathers was significantly related to hyperactivity/inattention, while parenting stress experienced by mothers was significantly related to peer relationship problems and emotional symptoms. Conclusion: 
Children's behavioral characteristics related to parenting stress differ between mothers and fathers., 長崎大学学位論文 学位記番号:博(医歯薬)甲第1183号 学位授与年月日:令和元年9月4日, Author: Akiko Tokunaga, Ryoichiro Iwanaga, Yoko Yamanishi, Takuya Higashionna, Koji Tanaka, Hideyuki Nakane, Goro Tanaka, Citation: Pediatrics International, 61(7), pp.652-657; 2019, Nagasaki University (長崎大学), 博士(医学) (2019-09-04)},
 school = {Nagasaki University (長崎大学)},
 title = {Relationship between parenting stress and children's behavioral characteristics in Japan},
 year = {2019}
}