@article{oai:nagasaki-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00003026,
 author = {Moriuchi, Takefumi and Matsuda, Daiki and Nakamura, Jirou and Matsuo, Takashi and Nakashima, Akira and Mitsunaga, Wataru and Hasegawa, Takashi and Ikio, Yuta and Koyanagi, Masahiko and Higashi, Toshio},
 journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {Action observation studies have investigated whether changing the speed of the observed movement affects the action observation network. There are two types of speed-changing conditions; one involves '‘changes in actual movement velocity,'' and the other is '‘manipulation of video speed.'' Previous studies have investigated the effects of these conditions separately, but to date, no study has directly investigated the differences between the effects of these conditions. In the '‘movement velocity condition,'' increased velocity is associated with increased muscle activity; however, this change of muscle activities is not shown in the '‘video speed condition.'' Therefore, a difference in the results obtained under these conditions could be considered to reflect a difference in muscle activity of actor in the video. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different speed-changing conditions and spontaneous movement tempo (SMT) on the excitability of primary motor cortex (M1) during action observation, as assessed by motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) amplitudes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A total of 29 healthy subjects observed a video clip of a repetitive index or little finger abduction movement under seven different speed conditions. The video clip in the movement velocity condition showed repetitive finger abduction movements made in time with an auditory metronome, at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 Hz. In the video speed condition, playback of the 1-Hz movement velocity condition video clip was modified to show movement frequencies of 0.5, 2, or 3 Hz (Hz-Fake). TMS was applied at the time of maximal abduction and MEPs were recorded from two right-hand muscles. There were no differences in M1 excitability between the movement velocity and video speed conditions. Moreover, M1 excitability did not vary across the speed conditions for either presentation condition. Our findings suggest that changing playback speed and actual differences in movement velocity do not differentially influence M1 excitability during observation of a simple action task, such as repetitive finger movement, and that it is not affected by SMT. In simple and meaningless observational task, people might not be able to recognize the difference in muscle activity of actor in the video., Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 546; 2018},
 title = {Changing Artificial Playback Speed and Real Movement Velocity Do Not Differentially Influence the Excitability of Primary Motor Cortex during Observation of a Repetitive Finger Movement},
 volume = {11},
 year = {2017}
}