@article{oai:nagasaki-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000443,
 author = {Fujioka, Takahiro and Aizawa, Hidenobu and Kodamatani, Hitoshi},
 journal = {Environmental Technology & Innovation},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {The safety of recycled water for potable water reuse can be enhanced by improving the reliability of reverse osmosis (RO) treatment for the removal of trace organic chemicals. This study assessed the mechanisms underlying the variable rejection of a carcinogenic N-nitrosamine, namely N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), caused by RO membrane fouling. Foulants that cause the variable rejection were evaluated through rejection tests and foulant characterization. The RO treatment of wastewaters with and without pre-treatment using an ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membrane showed that NDMA rejection commonly increased with increasing membrane fouling. The characterization of organics in the treated wastewater samples revealed that increased NDMA rejection can be caused by foulants composed of low-molecular-weight organics (<300 Da), including tryptophan (or tryptophan-like substances). It is speculated that small organics such as tryptophan form a densely packed cake layer on the membrane surface, which may function as an additional barrier for the membrane transport of NDMA. The results of this study indicate that RO membrane fouling that occurs during long-term wastewater treatment can increase NDMA rejection. The enhanced separation performance can yield positive consequences for the credibility of RO treatment in potable water reuse., Environmental Technology and Innovation, 17, art.no.100576; 2020},
 title = {Fouling substances causing variable rejection of a small and uncharged trace organic chemical by reverse osmosis membranes},
 volume = {17},
 year = {2019}
}